The main objectives of this monograph were to introduce aspects concerning the epidemiology of cerebrovascular disease into the framework of chronic kidney disease and to continue to describe pathogenic mechanisms of cerebral vascular remodelling and methods of assessing structural and functional characteristics of cerebral vascularisation in renal patients including their clinical expression. The final two chapters highlight the treatment of particular forms of cerebrovascular disease in renal patients, and outline the concept of neuroprotection as applied to patients with chronic kidney disease. The last chapter, in particular, aims at re-shaping the concept of organ protection as an interdisciplinary notion, and which falls somewhere between the areas of nephrology and neurology. The content of this dissertation introduces, together with relevant data extracted from specialised literature, conclusions arrived at as a result of personal experience and subsequently published in scientific papers in Romania and abroad over the last 10 years.