As part of a broad strategy of enlisting market forces to restrain the growth in health care costs, U.S. regulators have adapted antitrust law, developed for the industrial economy of the nineteenth century, to the modern health care system, with little evidence that consumers in fact benefit. This study, based primarily on evidence from the late 1990s, examines the results of this strategy in terms of both economic theory and empirical research on the impact of the profit motive on the health care. In their myopic view of for- profit managed care organizations as proxies for consumer interests, the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice have allowed these corporations to consolidate until they now exert overwhelming economic power over both health care providers and patients. Both economic theory and, increasingly, empirical evidence support the assertion that Federal antitrust policy is failing utterly in its mission to protect consumers. Furthermore, ...